College Football

            College football endured extensive rule changes, and game improvements throughout its history. Today it is still an ever changing game, within the past 10 years kickoffs have been moved up 10 yards, and the targeting rule has been implicated. These are two major rule changes that have happened very recently. However the rule changes made when the sport was just getting started are the most important changes the sport has had. These rule changes helped to make the game into what it is today, and most importantly, save the game that is loved by America.

An early college football game.

            At its inception college football was a brutal blood sport. It was much more like rugby than the football played today. It was a violent sport, it was common for fights and brawls to break out during a game. There were even cases of players running into the stands to engage with spectators. Along with these extracurricular violent acts, the plays committed within the rules were just as brutal, and sometimes lethal. Formations like the “flying wedge” in which players joined arms, and used their helmets as battering rams. When ball carries were gang tackled and trapped under countless bodies. These types of plays, along with the lack of protective equipment led to injuries and even deaths. The Chicago Tribune reported in 1904 that there were 18 football deaths, and 159 serious injuries. These injuries included; crushed skulls, wrenched spines, and broken ribs that led to pierced hearts. Football faced much criticism, some schools even went as far as dropping their programs.  Football had to undergo serious reform to survive.

President Teddy Roosevelt

            Football was on thin ice. It was facing heavy criticism from all over. University presidents, the media, schools were dropping their programs. The most notable supporter of college football was President Teddy Roosevelt. Roosevelt was instrumental in saving college football. Before the 1905 season Teddy called a meeting with the head coaches and some representatives of Harvard, Yale, and Princeton at the White House. Roosevelt told them to stop the violence, and to set an example for the rest of the country to play fair. The schools all released a letter condemning violence. That season play was much of the same. 19 deaths and 137 serious injuries were reported. Harvard president Charles Eliot said college football was, “more brutalizing than prizefight, cockfighting, or bullfighting.” Eliot said dropping the program could be Harvard’s next move, something that could hurt college football and Harvard alum President Teddy Roosevelt. Roosevelt vowed to not let Eliot “emasculate” the sport, but he called another meeting to urge the coaches of Harvard and other universities to make radical rule changes. In 1906 an intercollegiate conference, which would later become the NCAA, approved rule changes for the 1906 season. Among the rule changes were; legalizing forward passing, eradicated dangerous formations, formed a neutral zone between offense and defense, and doubled the first-down distance to 10 yards in three downs. Football was still dangerous, however deaths dropped to 11 per year in 1906 and 1907, injuries fell sharply as well. In 1909 fatalities spiked and more rule changes were made. These new rules lessened the restrictions on forward passing and created the foundation of the modern sport seen today.

            The formation of college football has been a very important to American life. Football is a sport enjoyed by countless Americans. Without the rule changes imposed by Teddy Roosevelt and others the game may not be in existence today. Over 1 million high school students played football in America in the 2012-2013 school year. This makes football the number one participation sport in the American high schools. These players along with the college, and professional players make an astounding number of football players in America. There is an average of 110 players on a Division I football team. Each professional team has 53 players on roster along with 5 practice squad players. Football is a huge part of American life, it can be seen on TV almost every night during football season. Pro games on Monday, Thursday, and Sunday. College on Thursday, Friday, and all day Saturday. Including all the Friday night high schools throughout the country that can be seen. Football teaches character, toughness, how to be a part of a team, leadership, along with other countless life lessons. It is considered by many to be the ultimate team game, unlike other sports such as basketball, the success of every play is dependent on every player on the field doing their job. If a lineman misses a block, a running back loses yards. If a quarterback throws a bad ball, a receiver misses a chance at a touchdown. Football is very important to America, you cannot go anywhere in America where football is not being played somewhere in that state at least. Football has shaped many of the men of America. It has made them the leaders they are, the mentally tough the men they are, it has built them into the productive members of society they are.  

            Football had to endure rigorous and drastic changes to survive in America. Football is a staple in American culture today. It is unavoidable, some of the leaders of America have played football, and some of the CEOs of major corporations in America played football. Football is America’s sport.

           

            

Western Music

Bailee Barrilleaux

Western Music

USH (F)

I Pledge



A map depicting the exploration of the Western Frontier.

               The Age of Expansion and its products are one of the few things that fully represent the American spirit . As curiosity swept the nation, many Americans began romanticizing the mysterious and unknown land area known as the American West. “The Last Frontier”, as it was often called, was a representation of
 freedom with its open ranges and great magnitude. The West was also a symbol of hope to each citizen and a symbol of hope for America as it grows and expands, not only as a land mass, but as a nation. One of the many products of this era that encompasses these uniquely American ideals was Western Music. This genre boomed with the period of expansion and, in the music world, the time of Western style music is referred to as the “romance era”. The bands and musicians of Western Music used the style to create innovative pieces about the West that the people of America could relate to and adore. The music created something that was completely unique and entirely American. That is why Western Music is such an essential product from the Age of Expansion.

              


The sheet music of a classic Western
song, The Pot Wrastler, by Curley Fletcher.

Western Music’s first storm of popularity was around 1820-1900. It was composed by and about people who moved West during expansion. Songs often told stories of cowboys living in the West and the freedom that surrounded their everyday lives. The music celebrated life on an open range as cowboys lived their dream. A few songs that directly relate to cowboys include, “The Cowboy’s Life” and “I Want To Be A Cowboy’s Sweetheart”. Western Music influenced people as they searched for hope, while artists of the time were influenced by other sources. Many Western musicians were inspired by multiple Europeans styles, including old English, Scottish, and Irish folk. These

Pictured above is a mandolin and a banjo, both of which
are common instruments that were used in Western Music.

mixed with the closer to home influence of Mexican and Native American folk allowed artists to produce a genre that was distinctively their own, and distinctively American. Common instruments used in this genre are the guitar, fiddle, mandolin, bass, steel guitar, banjo, harmonica, and piano.Western Music began to fade out at the beginning of the 20th century when the mystery of the West was less intriguing. As it should have, the style made a comeback in the 1930s and 1940s. Ideas from the Age of Expansion began to appear for another round. The surge of cowboys appearing on TV shows and in films helped revive the lost sound. Unfortunately Western Music died out again in the 1960s when Rock and Roll swept the nation, but it was not exactly a downgrade. Although Western music never fully made a lasting comeback, it was the ancestor to the now prominent and extensive genre of Country that keeps the ideals of American freedom alive today.



Otto Gray and the Oklahoma Cowboys perform on one of many radio shows.

Otto Gray; the front man for the ground-breaking Western Group.

           There were many significant musicians apart of the Western Music movement, but the most well-known and accomplished of them all was Otto Gray. He grew up with his family on a ranch in Oklahoma. Otto was a part time solo musician, part time band organizer, and part time cowboy up until he found a group of men that were as interested in music as he was and they formed the famed group; Otto Gray and the Oklahoma Band. Although they were overlooked by many Western Music scholars, Otto Gray and his musical friends changed the way that America looked at Western Music. They were the first nationally famous “Cowboy Band” in all of America. The group wrote new and interesting songs that caused people to fantasize about life in the West.  They were the first Western band to successfully tour East America. The group toured with the Vaudeville Circuit from 1924-1936, which was a style of entertainment where many separate and
unrelated acts travel together across the nation. Otto and his crew, like many Western bands, did not record many tracks in the studio, but found themselves to be more successful travelling the country and reaching their fans directly. Along with touring, Otto Gray and the Oklahoma Boys were one of the first Western artists to appear on radio and was the first Western band to appear on the cover of Billboard in June 1931.
 Otto Gray was not only a pivotal person in the growing genre of Western Music, but he also was a very talented musician, who used created things that people had never heard. He said that there were only three
rhythms of Western Music; cowpony-walk, trot, and lope. These three outlines were transformed into an endless span of unique pieces. Otto, like all Western artists used music theory to shape their sound. One of the definitions of Western music is that the melody is formed and supported by all other elements of the music. That means that song writers used harmony, dynamics, timbre and meter to transform the melodies of songs into things that have never been created before. Not only does this process make Western Music unique in itself, but it also shows the innovative thinking of American musicians and their country. Otto Gray was a great musician and role model for others who followed him as he crafted a genre that still represents America to this day.

Works Cited

Born, Georgina, and David Hesmondhalgh. "On Difference, Representation, and Appropriation in Music." Introduction. Western Music and Its Others Difference, Representation, and Appropriation in Music. Berkeley: U of California, 2000. N. pag. Google Books. Google. Web. 28 Oct. 2014. <http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=r_Kd6Dtm3egC&oi=fnd&pg=PP9&dq=western+music&ots=jqa5l8sLKU&sig=uiLc_jJJZqC6E_NxySWs2cIPF_w#v=onepage&q&f=false>.

Mitchell, Danlee. "Elements of Music - Part One." Elements of Music - Part One. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Nov. 2014. <http://trumpet.sdsu.edu/M345/Elements_of_Music1.html>.

Otto Gray and His Oklahoma Cowboys. Perf. Otto Gray, Owen Gray, Chief Sanders, Lee Allen, and Wade Allen. Youtube. Youtube, 20 June 2010. Web. 4 Nov. 2014. <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fWE7naetW_w>.

"Vaudeville." PBS. PBS, n.d. Web. 02 Nov. 2014. <http://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/episodes/vaudeville/about-vaudeville/721/>.

"Western Expansion." American Folk Songs (Westward Expansion) –. Ballad of America, n.d. Web. 04 Nov. 2014. <http://www.balladofamerica.com/music/indexes/tags/westwardexpansion.htm>.

Barrett, J.P., composer. "I Will Go West!" Sheet Music. Boston: J.A Butler, 1875. From Library of Congress: Music for the Nation: American Sheet Music. <http://www.loc.gov/item/sm1875.10352> 

Chinese Exclusion Acts

                            

Marina Egbaria
U.S. History
Mr.Ward

    Chinese Exclusion Acts

  Throughout history there have been many of times when different groups of people have been discriminated against for one reason or another. For example the Chinese during 1892- 1943 were despised by the white man in the USA as a cause of their unbelievable work ethic. This was a characteristic that white miners in particular wish they possessed, and were angry that the Chinese miners had. During the late 1800’s, many restrictions were placed on Chinese who entered the United States and these were known by as the Chinese Exclusion Acts.

During westward expansion, the Chinese played a crucial role. More specifically, the Chinese were very important in the building of the transcontinental railroad. White laborers began to resent the presence of the Chinese workers. They were not welcome by the majority of the white labors as well. This began to lead to many Anti-Chinese riots in most western cities such as, San Francisco in particular. During the first half of the 19th century Chinese immigration to the States was non-existent. This was also around the time when China lost the Opium Wars in 1839-1842. China was also facing a plethora of natural disasters such as, a drought and famine. As a cause of all the terrible events happening to China, many Chinese sought to find work abroad, most specifically in the United States. In 1848 the discovery of gold in Sutters Mill in California was a great opportunity for Chinese to seek money. This was about the time when many Chinese began to identify themselves as miners.

Approximately 25,000 Chinese people made it to Gold Mountain in California to seek mining jobs. Chinese workers were identified as hard workers and they were willing to work long hours for low wages. This was something white workers could not stand for. Many white laborers hated the presence of the Chinese workers and wished to drive them away. When all the agitation began to build up by white workers, the California legislature passed the Foreign Miners Tax. This was passed to limit the amount of Mexican and Chinese miners in the mines. They were all forced to live in segregated communities and were denied the legal rights of attending public schools.

Many white laborers did not like the idea of having low wages for building the railroads. In result, they hired “coolies” who were Chinese laborers. They were very hard working and willing to work the most dangerous/difficult jobs there were. They never showed up late, did not take many breaks, and always stayed in good health. Charles Crocker,who was the chief contractor, began to hire more and more Chinese laborers for the difficult jobs. The number of Chinese workers began to rapidly increase during the 1870’s. 71,328 people in the California population of 550,247 were Chinese.

The first ever law to restrict Chinese people, who immigrated from China, to enter the United States was approved on May 6, 1882. This law required the non-laborers, who wished to come to the US, to obtain a certificate from the Chinese government. This was made mandatory to ensure they were qualified to immigrate, but this also made it difficult for most to prove that they were non-laborers and they weren’t coming to take the whites’ jobs. Later in 1892 the act expired. However, Congress extended it for 10 more years in the form of the Geary Act. Which was later made permanent in 1902. This newer version of the previous law came with much more restrictions for the Chinese, sadly. Congress added restrictions by requiring each Chinese resident to register and obtain a certificate of residence. Without said certificate one could be deported. This Geary Act regulated Chinese immigration until the 1920’s.

Although many White laborers loved the Chinese Exclusion acts they were finally repealed in 1943. This happened during World War II when China and the United States became allies to fight against the superpower country of Japan.

Works Citied

1. (Information excerpted from Teaching With Documents: Using Primary Sources From the National Archives. [Washington, DC: National Archives and Records Administration, 1989.] pp. 82-85.)

"Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)." Our Documents -Chinese Exclusion Act (1882). Teaching With Documents: Using Primary Sources From the National Archives., n.d. Web. 14 Oct. 2014
http://americanhistory.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/551889?terms=chinese+exclusion+Acts+
2. "Chinese Americans." American History. ABC-CLIO, 2014. Web. 20 Oct. 2014.
3. "Anti-Chinese Movement and Chinese Exclusion: Chinese in California." Anti-Chinese Movement and Chinese Exclusion: Chinese in California. The Bancroft Library, n.d. Web. 21 Oct. 2014.
4. ”The Exclusion Act of 1882." Http://infoweb.newsbank.com. San Francisco Bulletin - California, San Francisco, n.d. Web. 9 Jan. 1878.
http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw-search/we/HistArchive/?p_product=EANX-K12&p_theme=ahnp_k12&p_nbid=N6DN62KXMTQxMzkwODA0MC4yNDY1MTQ6MToxNDoxNzMuMTY3LjI0NS44OQ&p_action=timelinedoc&p_docref=v2:0F99DDB671832188@EANX-K12-102FCD184B2C25FF@2430891-102FCD1867A886E4@2-102FCD192E8211A3@Chinese+Exclusion+Repeal+is+Sought&d_doclabel=%22To+Place+China+on+an+Equal+Basis%22

""To Place China on an Equal Basis"" Http://infoweb.newsbank.com. Dallas Morning News - Texas, Dallas, n.d. Web. 15 June 1943.

Pictures

A flyer that was sent out to white folks to ratify the Chinese Exclusion Acts and to suspend all immigration from South East Asia.

Chinese Americans rioting against the Chinese Exclusion Acts.

Angel Island Detention Center where Chinese were held after the Exclusion Acts were passed.

Political cartoon depicting how Chinese were treated in California during 1869.

Anti-Chinese handbill in 1892.

Alexander Cox

The Wounded Knee Massacre

October 28, 2014

F Block History

    The massacred Native Americans at Wounded Knee were more terrified than angry; they felt lost and hurt and did not want any trouble. But because what seemed to be a simple misunderstanding between a tribesman and a soldier it caused the deaths of about 350 Native Americans and 230 of them were women and children.

Before the Sioux were massacred at Wounded Knee their chief, named Big Foot, wanted to flee from the white soldiers, especially since he found out that Sitting Bull had been assassinated. They wanted to flee to Pine Ride in hope of gaining some type of protection by red cloud’s troops from the white soldiers. But while they were fleeing to Pine Ridge Big Foot was struck with pneumonia. His pneumonia slowed the tribe down greatly because they always had to look after him. So while the Sioux were traveling they saw scouts from a US cavalry, when this got to Big Foot he immediately told them to put a white flag up. He put the white flag up because he knew that the majority of his people were children and women and that they would all be killed if they were to try and fight.

After Big Foot sent up his flag, Major Samuel Whitside came up to the tribe with his cavalry. Samuel Whitside had said that he had orders to bring them to a camp at Wounded Knee Creek. But before they were to move to Wounded Knee Creek, the Native Americans were to be disarmed and dismounted, well one of  the Major’s subordinates who was a half breed named Shangreau said that it would not be wise to take their weapons and horses, because it would surely cause fighting and all the children and women would die. Even though Whitside knew this, he said that he had orders to disarm and dismount, but it had gotten too late for him to do it so he decided to wait until the next day. When Samuel Whitside had noticed that Big Foot had pneumonia he sent for his ambulance to take care of Big Foot. This showed that he did care for the Native Americans but that he was just following orders.  Later on that night, the rest of the 7th cavalry came in and added two more Hotchkiss guns to the two that Major Whitside already had. All four of these guns were placed on top of a hill at the creek and were positioned to cut through the rows of teepees that were there for the Native Americans.

On the next day December 29, 1890 Samuel Whitside thought it was time to disarm all the Native Americans, now while they were disarming, the other white soldiers were terrified of the Native Americans and were on guard the entire time. During the disarming Black Coyote, who was considered to be a bad influence amongst the tribe did not immediately put his gun with the pile of other guns; this freaked out the soldiers so they attacked him and forced him to drop the gun. But in the process of doing this something had made a loud noise and it startled all of the soldiers. When they heard this noise they started shooting indiscriminately. The soldiers on the Hotchkiss Guns started shooting killing friends and foes alike. The Native Americans had started to flee from Wounded Knee and those that weren't killed at camp were killed while fleeing. The ones that made out of camp felt that they were being “hunted like buffalo” and thought that the white man is mean because they killed women and children and even the Native Americans don’t do that.

    Works Cited

Brown, Dee. "19." Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee; an Indian History of the American West. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1971. 413-17. Print.

Wilson, James. "Wounded Knee." The Earth Shall Weep: A History of Native America. New York: Atlantic Monthly, 1999. 284-85. Print.

Indians being buried after Wounded Knee Massacre.

This is the medicine man who told the Native Americans that they would be okay and no harm would come to them. 

                                                   

Sitting Bull was assassinated when he was confronted by the police at his home.

                                               

This is Red Cloud that Big Foot wanted to flee to. 

                                                   

Most of those that were killed were frozen before they were even buried. Some of the positions were grotesque and disturbing.                                                    

Big Foot a.k.a. Spotted Elk laying dead in the snow after the Wounded Knee Massacre

Jim Thorpe

William Monroe

10/28/14

Mr. Ward

Jim Thorpe and his remains

            Jim Thorpe was noted as the “best athlete in the world” by the king of Sweden during the 1912 Olympics.  This is because Mr. Thorpe was successful at over twenty different sports.  Mr. Thorpe was a sac and fox Indian. There has been controversy over Jim Thorpe because of who he was, his athletic abilities, and because of where he was buried.

            Jim Thorpe was an incredible man, not only was he an athlete but he was also a family man and full of kindness. Jim was born on March 28, 1888. Jim was always exercising as a young boy. Jim would go out on these huge long hunts with his father when he was only eight years old. Jim was also wrangling horses out on the prairie by the time that he had turned ten years old. Many people wrote about Jim and called him a “failure at school”, this is less than accurate because he was a B+ student. The reason that some writers and historians could have come to this conclusion is because when he was young and off at school his father became ill and Jim asked the school if he could leave and go visit his father. The school quickly said no to Jim’s idea of leaving school. Then Jim took matters into his own hands and took what was known as “French Leave” and then set out on his journey to see his extremely ill father. This journey consisted of hundreds of miles of walking and hiking to get home, but even at a young age Jim knew the value of family and did what he knew it was going to have to take to see his father. Jim’s fathers name was Hiram Thorpe, and his mother’s name was Charlottevieux Thorpe. Jim stayed with his family until his father could survive no more. Jim had his career as being a star in sports, and once Jim’s Olympic days were over he decided to start a family. Jim married a woman named patsy Thorpe and they had multiple children together. The children said that their father (Jim Thorpe) always instilled the idea in them that exercise is key. The children also said that their father consistently said to them “Let’s go outside and play ball!” Jim was traumatized when one of his sons died at the age of three from the terrible disease of polio. Jim was very close to his son and had a hard time getting over the loss of his son. When Jim was fifty-seven, he decided to join the navy and he went overseas to fight for the United States during world war two. It was nearly unheard of for a fifty-seven year old man to enlist in any branch of the armed forces but Jim was so fit and agile that it was no problem for him. Jim was also a great actor and stared in seventy-six different movies throughout his career. Jim was also very athletic.

            The Man named Jim Thorpe was an incredible athlete. The difference between Jim and all of the other great athletes out there is that Jim didn’t train like crazy to get into the Olympics, he just did what he loved and that was to play sports. Jim played football at a school titled “Carlisle” and he played just about every sport that they had to offer. Jim was such a leader in sports that he was the captain of the football team, the basketball team, the track team, and the list just goes on and on. Jim was breaking records and creating a name for himself in college. When Jim played for Carlisle he became the first college football player to ever have more than three thousand rushing yards in a career. Jim was also a fantastic kicker in football, his personal best for the longest drop kick field goal was eighty seven yards. He could also punt the football over one hundred yards. The officials that were taking the measurements couldn’t measure to Jims full potential because Jim could kick the ball farther than the football field was long. Jim was such a good football player that he could play any position. President Eisenhower played football against Jim Thorpe when he played college ball and he said “he could do anything” when he was referring to Jim Thorpe. President Eisenhower also said “he was the whole team” when talking about Jim. One day someone told Jim that he should try out for the Olympics, so Jim said okay. Then Jim tried out for the Olympics and he tried some things that he had never even done in his life. One thing that Jim tried and was good at was the javelin. Jim didn’t do anything close to the proper technique and on his first throw beat all of the competition except one for second place. After Jim had learned the proper technique he could throw the javelin further than anyone else there at the Olympics. The crazy thing about Jim is that he didn’t train for the Olympics like all of the others did, he just showed up and did what he loved, and still beat out most of the competition.  After qualifying for the Olympics, Jim went on to compete in the Olympics of 1912 in Stockholm Sweden. This is the place that Jim gained the title of “the greatest athlete in the world” from the king of Sweden. At these Olympics, Jim acquired two gold medals. These gold medals were taken from Jim to be given to the athletes in second place. This is because the Olympics were for amateurs only and Jim was considered a professional because he was given a few dollars a game to play baseball over the summer.  After Jim’s death, historians that loved him were in search for the 1912 Olympic rule book to try and dispute the taking of Jim’s medals. The historians searched for days on end and couldn’t find the rules, then finally one day the book was found and the historians, after reading the rule book, came to the conclusion that the medals were unrightfully taken from Jim Thorpe. Jim died on March 28, 1953. There was also a dispute over where Jim should have been buried.

            Two towns were combined to create the city called “Jim Thorpe, PA”. These two towns were called “Mauch chunk” and “East Mauch Chunk”. The birth of Jim Thorpe, PA was because of Jim’s wife named patsy Thorpe. Patsy made the decision of Jim being buried here without the consult of family, and potentially against Jims will. The only problem is that Jim didn’t not have a living will that addressed where he wanted to be buried. Jim’s children said that Jim had told them that he wanted to be buried in his native land of the sac and fox Indians. There has been law suit after lawsuit addressing where Jim should be buried. All of the sac and fox Indians say that until you are buried in native land then your body isn’t properly laid to rest and their soul is not at peace. The town fights for Jim by starting a slogan of “Keep Jim Thorpe in Jim Thorpe”. Jim Thorpe’s Grandson is about the only family member of Jims that is okay with him being in PA. Jim’s grandson said “the town has done nothing but honor and respect and love my grandpa”. This is a true statement and all of the citizens of Jim Thorpe say that the town “wouldn’t be the same” if Jim was taken away and brought back to tribal land. A “medicine man” was said to have made contact with Jim’s spirit and Jim said “I am at peace and I want no more pain created in my name”.  Even though this medicine man channeled Jim, all of the native sac and fox members still want Jim back in his native land. Sac and fox members say “all of this time we’ve wanted his body back because of the way that it was taken away from us.” Because of the way that the body was taken away, all of the natives feel that Jim’s body was, in a way, stolen from them. To this day Jim is still buried in Jim Thorpe, PA.

            Jim Thorpe is obviously a great man, athlete, and was cared about because of all of the points listed above. Everyone who ever met Jim loved him and respected him. Not only did they love him for his athletic abilities, but they also loved him for his personal virtues. Love and respect is one thing that no one can buy, it is something you must earn and Jim did exactly that. Regardless of where Jim’s body was buried he was still an incredible person. 

 

united states postal service stamp of Jim Thorpe 

Jim Thorpe receiving his gold medals from the king of Sweden at the 1912 Olympics

 
Jim Thorpe, doing what he loved the most, playing football with his children

Jim Thorpe dressed in his Carlisle uniform
 
Jim Thorpe with some of his fellow Sac and Fox tribe members

Works cited

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=74Mv1iZtBug

Smithsonian. "Jim Thorpe: World's Greatest Athlete." YouTube. YouTube, n.d. Web. 20 Oct. 2014.

http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2013/aug/02/jim-thorpe-pennsylvania-football-hall-fame

"Jim Thorpe Sleeps on - for Now - in Town Where Everyone Knows His Name." TheGuardian. N.p., 02 Aug. 2013. Web. 20 Oct. 2014. <http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fsport%2F2013%2Faug%2F02%2Fjim-thorpe-pennsylvania-football-hall-fame>.

http://www.foxnews.com/us/2013/09/05/pa-town-where-jim-thorpe-is-buried-fights-to-keep-his-body/

"Pa. Town Where Jim Thorpe Is Buried Fights to Keep His Body." Fox News. FOX News Network, 05 Sept. 2013. Web. 20 Oct. 2014. <http://www.foxnews.com/us/2013/09/05/pa-town-where-jim-thorpe-is-buried-fights-to-keep-his-body/>.

www.jimthorperestinpeace.com/Burial.HTM

"Jim Thorpe Rest In Peace - Burial." Jim Thorpe Rest In Peace - Burial. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Oct. 2014. <http://www.jimthorperestinpeace.com/Burial.HTM>.

www.latimes.com/.../la-na-jim-thorpe-body-2013101...

http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/09/05/jim-thorpe-town-body-family_n_3875897.html

Angelo, Jason St. "Jim Thorpe's Body Subject Of Dispute Between Pennsylvania Town, Family Of Olympic Icon." The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost.com, 05 Sept. 2013. Web. 20 Oct. 2014. <http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/09/05/jim-thorpe-town-body-family_n_3875897.html>.

http://sports.jrank.org/pages/4845/Thorpe-Jim-Awards-Accomplishments.html

"Jim Thorpe - Awards And Accomplishments." - Named, Oklahoma, Football, and Hall. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Oct. 2014. <http://sports.jrank.org/pages/4845/Thorpe-Jim-Awards-Accomplishments.html>.

http://primarysourcenexus.org/2013/05/today-in-history-jim-thorpe/

"Today in History: Jim Thorpe - TPS-Barat Primary Source Nexus." TPSBarat Primary Source Nexus. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Oct. 2014. <http://primarysourcenexus.org/2013/05/today-in-history-jim-thorpe/>. 

Photography of Native Americans

Elle Noller

10/28/14

In class essay

Photography: Native Americans

            There are people that take their time out of their lives to take the art of photography. They catch an image that is meaningful and full of beauty or inspiration. Two very famous photographers, for taking pictures of Native Americans and their way of living, are Edward Curtis and Matika Wilbur.

            With Edward Curtis’ devotion on his work, it has and continues to effect on the Indians and non-Indians. His work appeals to the general public and it is cast makes it not only intelligible. It also is “vastly interesting even to those uninstructed in the methods of ethology.” (jstor.org) He dealt with the customs and habits of the Native Americans and by doing so he is able to show a true picture of the life as a Native American. His pictures are of the young and old but he also had them sometimes in the picture doing something. Some picture showed their habitations, ceremonies, industries, games, and their everyday life style as a Native American. His pictures are said to show a glimpse into the past generations of the Indian people. Edward Curtis’ images show Native Americans “so close to the origins of their humanity.” (ewardcurtis.com) These people are photographed because their way of life is rapidly coming to an end. All of his photos are known as American treasures. Edward Curtis says, “While primarily a photographer, I do not see or think photographically; hence the story of Indian life will not be told in microscopic detail, but rather will be presented as a broad and luminous picture.” He wanted to help people overcome the perennial racism that is in our country. Art at his time was used as propaganda speed of the American government’s attack on the people of the region. Edward Curtis did a national survey of Native Americans and was based in Seattle.

            In Seattle Matika Wilbur had her first exhibition at the Seattle Art Museum and she also did a national survey of Native Americans. Wilbur goes against what art did during Curtis’ time. She went against the history of art for propaganda for killing. One of her pieces called Project 562 is an example of art that shows propaganda of living. Also she is a member of the Tulalip and Swinomish tribes. Those Native American tribes are of the Puget Sound. She did a three year campaign Project 562. The number 562 is the number of recognized tribes when she started. Wilbur’s images show more of the advancement and survival of the Native Americans than the extinction. When she was taking photos she visited more than two hundred and twenty tribal lands. Wilbur began in the Northwest and traveled more than eighty thousand miles around the Western United States. She wants these photographs to inspire other young Native Americans to expose their deepest anxieties about being a Native American, like she did. Also she wants them to open a window to the rest of us. She tried and did expose her work’s tenacity and richness of the contemporary native life. By doing this she seeks to encourage a shift in consciousness toward Native Americans. “She changed the perceptions about Native Americans from 1906.” (upworthy.com)

Matika Wilbur:

Edward Curtis:

Work Cited

Gordon, Review By: G. B. JSTOR. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Oct. 2014.

<http://www.jstor.org/stable/659863?seq=3&Search=yes&searchText=curtis&searchTe

xt=edward&list=hide&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicResults%3FQuery%3Dedward%2Bcurtis%26amp%3Bacc%3Don%26amp%3Bwc%3Don%26amp%3Bfc%3Doff%26amp%3Bsi%3D26&prevSearch=&resultsServiceName=null>.

"Native Americans on Curtis - Edward Curtis Photography, Life & Work."Edward Curtis

Photography, Life & Work. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Oct. 2014  

<http://www.edwardcurtis.com/native-americans-on-curtis/>.

"With a Camera, Matika Wilbur Aims to Bring Indian History to the Here and Now." The Seattle

Times. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Oct. 2014.

<http://seattletimes.com/html/pacificnw/2024031215_0727matikawilburxml.html>.

"Tacoma Art Museum - Photographic Presence and Contempoarary Indians: Matika Wilbur's

Project 562." Tacoma Art Museum - Photographic Presence and Contempoarary

Indians: Matika Wilbur's Project 562. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Oct. 2014. <http://www.tacomaartmuseum.org/Page.aspx?nid=513>.

"Photographer Matika Wilbur's Three-Year, 562-Tribe Adventure." Indian Country Today Media

Network.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Oct. 2014.

<http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2013/01/15/photographer-matika-wilburs-th

ree-year-562-tribe-adventure-146982>.

"It's Been Over 100 Years Since An Artist Has Done This In America. About Time Someone Did

It Again." Upworthy. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Oct. 2014.

<http://www.upworthy.com/its-been-over-100-years-since-an-artist-has-done-this-in-america-

about-time-someone-did-it-again>.